Conservative. Idaho. Software engineer. Historian. Trying to prevent Idiocracy from becoming a documentary.
Email complaints/requests about copyright infringement to clayton @ claytoncramer.com. Reminder: the last copyright troll that bothered me went bankrupt.
Friday, July 31, 2020
Please, Tell Me That This Was Not Obvious to the SSA
The Treasury issued ~$1.4 Billion in Economic Impact Payments to deceased people, citing lack of access to Social Security’s deceased records. I’m joining Rep. John Curtis’s common-sense bill requiring the Treasury to review the Social Security Death Master File before dispersing payments.
These Mass Email Actions By Pressure Are Not Terribly Effective
Thursday, July 30, 2020
BLM Protest Meets Resistance
Making Excuses for Failure?
Wednesday, July 29, 2020
Are You Old Enough to Remember Miami Vice?
Flying to Idaho for COVID19 Test
Where Hatred of Police Takes You
Two months after the police killing of George Floyd, the four-block area of South Minneapolis where he gasped his last breaths remains a sacred space, a no-go zone for officers. There is a neatly trimmed garden, anchored by a sculpture of a raised fist. There are colorful murals and the words “I can’t breathe” painted across the pavement, as well as the names of dozens of other Black people killed by the police.At night, though, the space is increasingly a battleground, with shootings and drug overdoses. The area has had an uptick in gun violence similar to what other cities have seen in the wake of protests.At all times, the neighborhood brims with emotion. In its totality, it feels like the raw center of America’s reckoning with racial injustice.The chaos at night has presented city officials with the challenge of how to reassert control of the space without setting off new waves of anger, all while maintaining it as a solemn place to honor Mr. Floyd. In Ferguson, Mo., where the police killing of Michael Brown set off protests in 2014, tensions were reignited when officers moved to clear out a memorial.
Remember When the Weathermen Blew Up a Brownstone in New York City?
Electrical
Far Too Much Time Went Into This
Tuesday, July 28, 2020
Another WTF News Story
Women across the country are reporting a rise in 'aggressive eye contact' since the introduction of face coverings in some public places.
New laws introduced over the weekend force customers to wear face masks in all shops, stations, banks and post offices, while it is also mandatory to wear coverings on public transport.
But many women have been sharing stories online of 'aggressive eye contact' and 'hard staring' from men wearing masks, with one tweeting: 'Grown men staring at you with a mask on is worse than when they don't have a mask.'
Monday, July 27, 2020
Oh, the Horror
So what characteristic do all of the reports share? They are all false.
It is not true that 173 people died from COVID-19 “in a day” in Florida. Nor did 134, or 156 on previous days.
It is also untrue than 2,013 had died in July when that story was published.
All of these scary headlines are based on the number of deaths reported by the state on any given day. This is not the same as the number of deaths that occurred on those days.
The difference might seem trivial. But it’s crucial because the press is using the timing of Florida’s death reports to whip up a frenzy about COVID-19 running riot in the state....
In fact, as of Sunday, the biggest one-day death toll so far in the state happened back on July 16, when 114 are known to have died. And when the press was claiming that 2,013 had died in July, the actual number of known deaths was 1,847.
As we noted in this space last week, this distortion is being repeated by the media in state after state that has seen a recent spike in coronavirus cases. While deaths attributed to coronavirus have increased, the “surge” is a fiction because many of those deaths happened earlier.
But almost no news outlet explains this difference clearly to readers. The Miami Herald is one exception.
In a recent story, it noted — after shouting about hitting a new record for daily deaths — that “the 173 deaths …. does not necessarily mean that every person died in the past 24 hours. In Florida, the deaths announced on a given day could be from several days earlier because the state information does not include the exact date of death.”
Sunday, July 26, 2020
D-Day Ended an Intense Peace
Why Many People Doubt the Authorities About COVID
An error by the Florida Department of Health produced a COVID-19 positivity rate for children of nearly one-third, a stunning figure that played into the debate over whether schools should reopen.
A week after issuing that statistic, the department took it back without explanation. The next weekly report on children and COVID-19 showed the rate had plunged to 13.4%.
The department blamed a “computer programming error” for the mistake, in response to questions from the South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Experts said the change and the failure to explain it to the public calls into question the state’s data at a time when accurate and trustworthy information is crucial to a society grappling with an unprecedented health crisis.
Did Gov. Newsom Just Go Full Nazi?
The local authorities say their plan is to shut off power to the church.
So did this actually happen?
Relative References in Word
Saturday, July 25, 2020
Using a Milling Machine as a Bandsaw
Portland City Government is Accomplishing Something Amazing!
Last month, Wheeler disbanded the Gun Violence Reduction Unit, claiming it unfairly targeted blacks. In the weeks since, there has been a 380 percent increase in shootings compared with the same time frame last year.
Good Planning
As the night carried on protesters vigorously shook the fence surrounding the courthouse, shot fireworks towards the building and threw glass bottles. Many times these actions were met by federal agents using tear gas and flash bangs.The flow of tear gas caused protesters to disperse, some becoming sick as others remained towards the front of the courthouse with leaf blowers directing the gas back to the courthouse. Federal agents had leaf blowers of their own to counteract.
Time to Step Up
Imagine It Is 2010
I Am Looking Forward to the Day That Pro-Gun States Threaten BATF Agents
BALTIMORE (WBFF) - Baltimore City State's Attorney Marilyn Mosby is warning that if the Trump administration sends federal agents to Baltimore and Philadelphia to "engage in the same illegal vigilante activities" as in Portland, they "will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law."
Mosby, along with the district attorney for Philadelphia, wrote a column in The Washington Post today calling out the federal agents who have been sent to Portland, Oregon.
"We strongly believe that the actions in Oregon are illegal. Should the president proceed with his plan in our cities, his agents will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law," Mosby and Philadelphia District Attorney Larry Krasner write in the column.
They call the federal agents an "Orwellian sight" and warn: "Should Trump send federal agents who engage in the same illegal vigilante activities, unlawfully assaulting and kidnapping people, they will face criminal charges from our offices. The authority of city officials to prosecute federal law enforcement officials is clear. While 28 U.S. Code 1442 provides that federal law enforcement officers may remove such charges to federal court in limited circumstances, it does not stop the local prosecution. We do not believe that the agents in Portland came close to meeting the standard required to prevent local prosecution, and officers exhibiting such behavior in our cities are similarly unlikely to meet this threshold."
Friday, July 24, 2020
A Great Day
Nice Bar Graph Showing COVID Deaths/100,000 By State
What Defunding Police Means
What Causes Paranoia
As professor of epidemiology at Yale School of Public Health, I have authored over 300 peer-reviewed publications and currently hold senior positions on the editorial boards of several leading journals. I am usually accustomed to advocating for positions within the mainstream of medicine, so have been flummoxed to find that, in the midst of a crisis, I am fighting for a treatment that the data fully support but which, for reasons having nothing to do with a correct understanding of the science, has been pushed to the sidelines. As a result, tens of thousands of patients with COVID-19 are dying unnecessarily. Fortunately, the situation can be reversed easily and quickly.
I am referring, of course, to the medication hydroxychloroquine. When this inexpensive oral medication is given very early in the course of illness, before the virus has had time to multiply beyond control, it has shown to be highly effective, especially when given in combination with the antibiotics azithromycin or doxycycline and the nutritional supplement zinc.
On May 27, I published an article in the American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE) entitled, "Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk COVID-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic Crisis." That article, published in the world's leading epidemiology journal, analyzed five studies, demonstrating clear-cut and significant benefits to treated patients, plus other very large studies that showed the medication safety.
Physicians who have been using these medications in the face of widespread skepticism have been truly heroic. They have done what the science shows is best for their patients, often at great personal risk. I myself know of two doctors who have saved the lives of hundreds of patients with these medications, but are now fighting state medical boards to save their licenses and reputations. The cases against them are completely without scientific merit.
Thursday, July 23, 2020
Drudge Report Has Become Lamestream Media
A Fort Sumter Moment?
Portland protesters barricade courthouse with federal officers inside, then try to set it on fire
Arson is a crime that justifies deadly force in every state of which I am aware.
Is Black Felons Matter Funded by a White Supremacist?
Deputies said an investigation was launched Tuesday after they were made aware of the photo, which shows a man with his knee on the back of a child’s neck. The child appears to be crying in the photo while a second person holds the child’s hands behind their back. The photo’s caption read “Blm now.”
Investigators made contact with the child, their mother, and Jackson. The child was transported to an area hospital for examination, however they did not suffer any injuries from the incident deputies said.
“Subsequent interview with the mother revealed that she was unaware of the photo having been taken, or its contents, until she had been informed by other parties,” Shultz said.
Wednesday, July 22, 2020
Tuesday, July 21, 2020
You Say You Want a Revolution
Red Zone States
Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, South Carolina, Texas and Washington.
Report kept from public view labels Iowa a COVID-19 "red zone"
Liz Essley Whyte is a reporter with the Center for Public Integrity. A source provided her with the report that, as of Friday, had not been made public by the Trump Administration.
"The CDC is really being sidelined, marginalized, pushed aside and in a number of ways." Whyte says. "It’s every communication, it's being tracked and in some cases criticized by the White House.”
Red Zone states recommendations from the White House
Actually from an advocacy group's claim about a report to the White House. So news organizations are reporting on what an advocacy group says is in a report that no one else has seen? Double hearsay. And the left wonders why many Americans assume the news media are not trustworthy?
Police Abolitionist Story Was False
“We called 911 for almost everything except snitching” reads the first line of an Atlantic article, “How I Became a Police Abolitionist,” by social justice activist and lawyer Derecka Purnell. Her deeply personal essay, first published July 6 in the Ideas section, tells of her childhood in a polluted neighborhood surrounded by violence and beset by fear, using one particularly disturbing memory of a police officer shooting their cousin, just a “boy,” in the arm for skipping the basketball sign-in sheet in front of Purnell and her sister, who had been playing basketball but were forced to hide “in the locker room for hours afterward.”
“When people dismiss abolitionists for not caring about victims or safety,” she writes, “they tend to forget that we are those victims, those survivors of violence.”
“This story means everything to me,” Purnell wrote on Facebook later that day. “I cried a lot while writing it.”
An investigation by The Federalist encompassing newspaper archives, police department records, questions to The Atlantic, the police union, and the office of the mayor, however, called the story — including facts about the neighborhood, the timeline of the incident, and if the incident described even happened at all — into question.
Four days, six comment requests, and one follow-up story later, The Atlantic issued a series of major corrections that confirmed The Federalist’s investigation — and gutted the Purnell’s story of the police violence that made her “a police abolitionist,” rendering it a story about a private security guard shooting his adult cousin. Although the updated story no longer involves personally motivated and barely punished police violence against children, it now includes mention of a police investigation. Additionally, a contemporary news article uncovered by The Federalist using the updated timeline details pending police charges against the shooter.
Undercover Boss -- 1909 Edition
Monday, July 20, 2020
Comet NEOWISE
Sunday, July 19, 2020
Is School a Covid Risk?
The reopening of schools in 22 European countries has not led to any significant increase in coronavirus infections among children, parents or staff, a videoconference meeting of education ministers from around the EU has heard.
With a debate raging in the UK over the risks of allowing children back into the classroom, some member states are planning summer lessons to aid pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Of the 22 countries where schools have reopened in waves over the last month, 17 have only allowed children to return to kindergarten settings, primary schools and final years of secondary level as part of a tentative lifting of the lockdowns imposed to tackle the coronavirus pandemic....
The vast majority of the reopened schools have been open for just a fortnight, however, prompting Blaženka Divjak, the minister for education in Croatia, which holds the EU’s rolling presidency, to suggest that the positive results need to be treated with some caution.
Denmark became the first European country to tentatively reopen its nurseries, kindergartens and primary schools on 15 April after a month-long closure despite significant resistance from parents who accused the government of treating their children as “guinea pigs”.
Divjak, speaking in a press conference at the end of the meeting of ministers, said the lack of significant increase in cases or any other negative impact should also be seen in the context of the special measures taken to make schools as safe as possible.
Saturday, July 18, 2020
100W Equivalent LED Bulbs Insufficient
The Importance of Power
Downside of more power: for the first time in years, the acetal melted around the Forstner bit, requiring me to mill the plastic away from the bit to break it loose. This is a pretty delicate operation. But I figured out how to make a lighter part to do the same function. No need to fenestrate.
Other than gasping for air once freed from its acetaliferous grave, the Forstner bit came out unscathed. The 7/16" smoothing mill, however, has gobs of metal acetal. I was reluctant to try and clean it out with a file or sandpaper so I pulled out a small magnifier and tried to burn it off. In spite of being a hydrocarbom, acetal does not burn. /it melts and drips. The magnifier is so small that it would take forever. A cigarette lighter worked although evem slower. Somewhere I have a 5" Sherlock Holmes size magnifying glass. I will find it and finish melting the acetal off.
Friday, July 17, 2020
Is Not Wearing a Mask "Patriotic"?
Why Are People Paranoid About the Emergency?
ORLANDO, Fla. - A person who died in a motorcycle accident was added to Florida’s COVID-19 death count, according to a state health official.
FOX 35 News found this out after asking Orange County Health Officer Dr. Raul Pino whether two coronavirus victims who were in their 20s had any underlying conditions. One of his answers surprised us.
The first one didn’t have any. He died in a motorcycle accident,” Pino said.
Dr. Pino was asked if the man’s data was removed.
"I don’t think so. I have to double-check,” Pino said. “We were arguing, discussing, or trying to argue with the state. Not because of the numbers -- it’s 100…it doesn’t make any difference if it's 99 -- but the fact that the individual didn’t die from COVID-19…died in the crash. But you could actually argue that it could have been the COVID-19 that caused him to crash. I don’t know the conclusion of that one.”
There are still two people in their 20s on Orange County’s data list for coronavirus deaths.
N.Y.C. Death Toll Soars Past 10,000 in Revised Virus Count
The city has added more than 3,700 additional people who were presumed to have died of the coronavirus but had never tested positive.
Trump Enforces the Laws that Portland Won't
Political leaders in Oregon have accused President Donald Trump of interfering in Portland's handling of widespread protests and riots in the wake of George Floyd's death as a political stunt to rally his base ahead of the November election.Despite repeated calls from Oregon Gov. Kate Brown and Portland Mayor Ted Wheeler for federal authorities to remove their officers from the city's streets, the Trump administration has remained adamant on maintaining a law enforcement presence in Portland.
The recent incident of a protester getting shot in the head with an impact munition, as well as videos of unidentifiable federal agents in tactical gear arresting protesters on the streets and forcing them into unmarked vehicles have raised alarm, however, about federal law enforcement's tactics.
Thursday, July 16, 2020
Why Trump's Polling Numbers Are So Bad?
Boise couple finds home vandalized over Trump flag
BOISE, Idaho (CBS2) — When Robert and Janet Tatilian came home on Sunday night, they weren't prepared for what they saw.
Mustard and cheese spray smeared all over their property. All because they decided to fly a Trump Flag.
"I'm first-generation American citizen, and I'm not going to be silent," Janet said. "When they talk about the silent majority, people are afraid to voice their opinion. Even putting flags on their own home."
However, the majority of voters in the Keystone State believe in the underlying presence of “secret Trump voters” within their communities — voters who largely refrain from making their preference known, for a variety of reasons, but will cast their ballot in support of the president.
Fifty-seven percent of voters “believe there are a number of so-called secret voters in their communities who support Trump but won’t tell anyone about it.” Of those, 27 percent believe there are “many” secret Trump voters, while 17 percent said there are “only a few.” The remaining 13 percent said they were not sure how many “secret” voters are out there.
On the flip side, only 27 percent of respondents believe there are “secret” Biden voters.
Why the Left is Inciting Race War
More Evidence That Hydroxychloriquinone Saves Lives
The Lancet study will have caused great harm to patients since it was followed by immediate effects such as the suspension of prescription and dispensing authorizations for hydroxychloroquine. The World Health Organization (WHO) decided to suspend the trials or to simply ban the drug from being dispensed. Switzerland did the same around the 27th of May, 2020.
The fraudulent study was withdrawn from the 4th of June, but Swiss patients remained deprived of this treatment until the 11th of June, "The OFSP decided to lift the measures put in place for its prescription and dispensing. The Plaquenil® and Zentiva® Hydroxychloroquine can be re-ordered directly from the wholesaler. ” According to the critics of hydroxychloroquine, these 15 days of prohibition should have had no impact on patient survival, but this is not the case: it is enough to look at the evolution over time of the proportion of deaths among newly resolved cases, only to find that hydroxychloroquine, the only molecule banned within this time, works.
Hydroxychloroquine saves lives.
It was enough the collaboration of three internet users to solve this enigma (see the article “story of a discovery”): the discovery of a strict temporary suspension of the HCQ in Switzerland, the nrCFR * efficiency index of treatments, the observation of a “bump” of ~ 2 weeks in this index for Switzerland, the link with the suspension, and finally the analysis concluding with the statistical significance of this correlation with a very high degree of certainty ( > 99%). All analyzes were made from international data “global time series” “Deaths” and “Recovered” from Johns Hopkins University updated every night....
Looking at the evolution curve of this index for Switzerland, we note a “wave of excess lethality” of two weeks from June 9th to 22nd, with a lag of a dozen days compared to the period of suspension of the use of hydroxychloroquine by WHO. This demonstrates, without possible rebuttal, the effect of stopping the delivery and use of this drug in Switzerland (country which follows the recommendations of the WHO, based in Geneva). During the weeks preceding the ban, the nrCFR index fluctuated between 3% and 5%. Some 13 days after the start of the prohibition, the nrCFR index increases considerably to be between 10 and 15% for 2 weeks. Some 12 days after the end of the prohibition, the lethality falls back to a lower level.
Wednesday, July 15, 2020
Panic by Incompetence
Over the weekend, Florida made international headlines when it reported a shocking number of positive COVID-19 test results: More than 15,000 in a single day.
But it turns out that report contained numbers gathered over several days by a single laboratory.
More than 7,000 of the 15,000 positive cases reported have been traced to GENETWORx in Richmond, Virginia. The company, which is Florida’s fourth-largest processor of tests, said in a statement it looks like the Florida Department of Health reported in a single day, lab results that had been collected over the course of four to five days.
Tuesday, July 14, 2020
More Easily Offended Activists
SOUTH ROYALTON — Vermont Law School plans to paint over a mural in its student center that highlights Vermont’s role in the Underground Railroad and the abolitionist movement after members of the law school community objected to its depictions of African Americans and said it made some people uncomfortable.
VLS President and Dean Thomas McHenry said in a schoolwide email this week that students and alumni had raised concerns about the mural in the Chase Community Center, which was painted by Vermont-based artist Sam Kerson in 1993 with the school’s blessing, even winning recognition from The Christian Science Monitor at the time.
Globus Sensation
Abstract
Background: Acupuncture points are commonly used by Traditional Chinese Medicine to treat throat discomfort. Transcutaneous electroacupuncture (TEA) is a new therapy combining transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation with meridian theory. The efficacy and mechanism of Transcutaneous electroacupuncture for globus pharyngeus has not been reported. The aim of our study was to explore the effect and possible mechanisms of TEA at CV22/LI3/LU11/ST36 for patients with globus.
Methods: A total of 80 patients with globus pharyngeus were randomly allocated into eight groups. The intervention order in Groups A1/B1/C1/D1 was firstly TEA at CV22/LI3/LU11/ST36 during the first period and sham-TEA in the second period. For participants in Groups A2/B2/C2/D2, the intervention order was the reverse. Before the test, the participants were asked to complete the Glasgow Edinburgh Throat Scale (GETS), visual analog scale (VAS), and the Hamilton Rating Scale Anxiety/Depression and were then asked to test and measure the heart rate variability and serum hormone levels of SP and NPY. At the end of the second period, these tests were manipulated again.
Results: D-values of GETS and VAS following stimulation at CV22/LU11 were significantly higher than those of sham-stimulating (CV22: 13.5 ± 13.09 vs. 1 ± 9.68, P <0.002; LU11: 17 ± 10.31 vs. 9 ± 9.68, P = 0.011). Heart rate variability, SP, and NPY were showed a significant difference in LU11 stimulation compared to other acupuncture points (P all <0.05).
Conclusion: Stimulation at CV22/LU11 significantly improved symptoms of globus. The results indicated that symptoms may be improved by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system and secreting SP and NPY when stimulating at LU11. For CV22, it may improve symptoms by direct action on the throat. Stimulating at CV22/LU11 may be a potential therapy for treating globus.
Monday, July 13, 2020
Another Hydroquinone Success
Gun Rights Favor
Voter Registrations
In at least five battleground states, Democrats appear to have borne the brunt of the damage during the COVID-shutdown period.
In Maine, for example, 59 percent of new voters registered as Dems pre-coronavirus — but only 40 percent have done so in the months since.
Dem declines were also seen in Colorado, Florida, North Carolina and Pennsylvania, TargetSmart found.
Additionally, in the swing state of Iowa, the new voters helped the GOP retake the statewide lead in voter registrations last month, Politico reported.
The new voters who did manage to send in applications were older and whiter than those who had been recruited before the pandemic hit. Voters in those demographic groups are expected to break for President Trump, rather than for Democratic Party nominee Joe Biden, in November.
Look what the postman dragged in.
An Atlanta family was shocked to find a voter registration form arrive in the mail — for a pet cat that died 12 years ago.
The application that showed up Wednesday at the home of Ron and Carol Tims was pre-printed with the name of “Cody Tims,” according to a photo posted online by Fox5 Atlanta.
“How did this happen? It’s not reality, he’s a cat and he’s been dead for a long time,” Carol told the station.
Carol described the late feline — whose ashes are kept in a green container — as a “great cat, indoor and outdoor, loved his family, loved his neighborhood.”
“He was 18 and a half when he passed away,” she said.
The suspicious mailer also has the family wondering what other critters are receiving applications to vote ahead of November’s hotly contested election between President Trump and presumptive Democratic challenger Joe Biden.
“There’s a huge push but if they’re trying to register cats, I’m not sure who else they’re trying to register,” Carol said.
“I’m not sure if they’re trying to register dogs, mice, snakes.”...
Officials also said that if alive, Cody — who Carol said was a “Democat” — would never have been allowed to vote, because he was never issued a license or state ID card, Fox5 said.
White People Need Not Apply
Hollywood's identity crisis: Actors, writers and producers warn of 'reverse racism' in the film industry which has created a 'toxic' climate for anyone who is a white, middle-age man
The first sign came with one of the most powerful black directors in Hollywood, Oscar-winning Jordan Peele – the man behind box office hits such as Get Out and Us – stated in public that he did not want to hire a leading man who was white.'I don't see myself casting a white dude as the lead in my movie,' Peele said. 'Not that I don't like white dudes. But I've seen that movie before.'
As one studio executive responded privately: 'If a white director said that about hiring a black actor, their career would be over in a heartbeat.' Few doubt it.
Saturday, July 11, 2020
That Flagpole Was so Racist!
WASHINGTONVILLE, N.Y. - Police in New York have launched an investigation after a flagpole at a memorial honoring five firefighters who died in the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks was cut down by vandals.The damage at the patriotic display in Washingtonville, north of New York City, was discovered early Wednesday, according to the Times-Herald Record.
I Am Heartbroken
More Evidence That Racism Must Be In Short Supply
All the cases remained unsolved—until March 9, 2020. After nearly a year of investigations involving multiple agencies, the LVPD said at a press conference that Dominguez Peña, 25, had faked the threats against herself and others in ten total separate "incidents." The same day, she was arrested on felony charges of making criminal threats and perjury, as well as seven misdemeanors related to electronic impersonation and filing false police reports.
Friday, July 10, 2020
Racism: Is It Worse Among Younger People?
Were They Running?
Couple threw power saws from car during chase with police, officials say
During the pursuit Matthew McNutt, a passenger in the vehicle, started throwing items including a gas tank, a table saw and two other saws out of the window, investigators said.
Seattle: Glad It Is Shall-Issue in Washington
SEATTLE — The majority of Seattle City Council is now backing proposals to defund Seattle’s police department by 50%, despite concerns from the mayor’s office and Seattle’s police chief that council members are moving too quickly and without enough widespread community engagement.
A coalition called Decriminalize Seattle presented a plan to the budget committee to redirect millions from the city budget to community organizations.
“The status quo is no longer acceptable,” Council President Lorena Gonzalez said Thursday, adding that while she previously believed in police reform, she now believes in rebuilding. “We have to take away the things that no longer and should have never belonged to law enforcement in the first place,” she said.